PMC

Self-reliant independency. The concepts converging on the core category as the study participants’ data unfolded are shown. Their expansion of the concept of independence changed with disease progression. Beginning with facing disease, followed by physical dependence and then autonomous action, the study participants discovered their ability to live independently within their physical limits. After that, the concept of independence was condensed as self-reliant independency, which meant having more autonomy in decision making than in the sanatoriums. In the case of participants, this was exemplified by moving out of the sanatoriums. Participants obtained independence without being limited by physical dependency. Original strategy then helped them to maintain their independent living and broaden the possibilities for their self-reliant independence.

(A) Kaplan-Meier curve illustrating the association between baseline physical frailty phenotype and dementia. The lines of the same color represent the variability in the estimates because of the uncertainty in frailty status results from multiple imputation of missing data. (B) Kaplan-Meier curve illustrating the association between baseline physical frailty phenotype and loss of independence. The lines of the same color represent the variability in the estimates because of the uncertainty in frailty status results from multiple imputation of missing data.

The hypothesized direct and indirect effects of demographic data and clinical characteristics on survival as operating through the grade of physical function achieved after surgical amputation of the lower limb. Path C (the (“Reduced” model 1) shows the total effect of demographic data and clinical characteristics on mortality before removing the mediating effect of physical grade. Path A (full model 2) shows the direct effect of demographic data and clinical characteristics on the grade of physical function achieved by rehabilitation discharge. Path B shows the direct effect of grade on mortality (without any indirect effect). Path C′ shows the direct effect of the demographic data and clinical characteristics on mortality. Paths A and B illustrate the assumption that certain demographic data and clinical characteristics are expected to influence mortality indirectly through the physical grade achieved, which then influences mortality directly. The paths (comparing A and B with C′) are used to show the independent effect (and singular importance) of the grade of physical independence achieved. The odds ratios associated with grade in this model show the independent or direct effects of grade after removing the effects of the other characteristics associated with mortality risk.

Quality of Recovery-15 at pre-operative and post-operative 1 and 2 days. (a) Global scores; (b) Physical comfort; (c) Physical independence; (d) Pain; (e) Physical support; (f) Emotional state. Data are mean with error bars showing SD. Neostigmine (dark gray rombus); Sugammadex (light gray square). There were no significant differences in QoR-15 global or sub-scores between neostigmine and sugammadex groups.